THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF THE NORTHERN SELVA LACANDONA: n

Chiapas harbors significant biological and cultural diversity. The region known as Selva Lacandona is an ideal example to study what is called the “biocultural axiom”. This neotropical region is inhabited by multiple indigenous groups, such as the Tsotziles, Tseltales, Tojolabales, Ch’oles, Kanjobales, Chujes, Mames, Lacandones ( Hach Winik ), and Zoques. The herpetofaunistic diversity of Chiapas is currently represented by 107 species of amphibians and 223 species of reptiles. In the Selva Lacandona region a total of 35 species of amphibians and 90 reptiles has been documented, with some areas still remaining to be formally explored. Traditionally, the use of natural resources by native indigenous communities has been linked to the selective use of those species that have economical, traditional, and/or magical-religious value. Many of these human groups have a deep traditional knowledge about the environment in which they live, as well as the diversity of plant, fungal, and animal species with which they have coexisted over millennia. The Nahá and Metzabok communities are inhabited by the Maya-Lacandón del Norte culture. The objective of this study is to identify the herpetofaunistic species diversity found within the Flora and Fauna Protection Areas (APFF´s) of Nahá and Metzabok. Additionally, we analyzed whether the Lacandones from the north have a herpetofaunistic ethnical taxonomic classification system. A total of 67 species that are recognized by the Lacandones were recorded for both APFFs. The Lacandones del Norte classify the herpetofauna into six groups, i.e., Ak (Turtles), Kan (Snakes), Ayim (Crocodiles), Torok (Lizards), Xut (Frogs), and Be’p (Toads). For Metzabok, the three most frequently mentioned species are Bothrops asper , Boa imperator , and Crocodylus moreletii . For Nahá, the three species of most importance are Basiliscus vittatus, Boa imperator , and Kinosternon leucostomum. The differences lie in the fact that for the Lacandones of Metzabok


Resumen
Chiapas alberga una gran diversidad biológica y cultural. La region conocida como Selva Lacandona es un ejemplo idóneo para estudiar a lo que se conoce como "axioma biocultural". En esta región neotropical habitan varios grupos originarios, como los Tsotziles, Tseltales, Tojolabales, Ch'oles, Kanjobales, Chujes, Mames, Lacandones (Hach Winik), y Zoques. La diversidad herpetofaunística de Chiapas está representada al presente por 107 especies de anfibios y 223 especies de reptiles. En la región Selva Lacandona por su parte, se han documentado un total de 35 especies de anfibios y 90 de reptiles, permaneciendo aún algunas zonas sin exploración formal. Tradicionalmente el uso de los recursos naturales por parte de las comunidades originarias, ha estado ligado al aprovechamiento selectivo de aquellas especies que tienen valor económico, tradicional y/ó mágico-religioso. Muchos de estos grupos humanos tienen profundos conocimientos acerca del medio en que viven, así como de la diversidad de especies de plantas, hongos y animales con las que coexisten desde hace milenios. Las comunidades de Nahá y Metzabok están habitadas por la cultura Maya-Lacandón del Norte. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar a la diversidad de especies herpetofaunísticas que se encuentran dentro de las Áreas de Protección de Flora y Fauna (APFF´s) de Nahá y Metzabok. Adicionalmente, se analizó si el pueblo lacandón del norte contaba con un sistema de clasificación etnotaxonómica de la herpetofauna. Se registraron un total de 67 especies que son reconocidas por los lacandones para ambas APFF´s. Se identificó que los lacandones clasifican a la herpetofauna en 6 grupos: Ak (Tortugas), Kan (Serpientes), Ayim (Cocodrilos), Torok (Lagartijas), Xut (ranas) y Be'p (Sapos). El análisis de frecuencia de mención sitúa a las especies en distinto orden. Para Metzabok, las primeras 3 especies de importancia son: Bothrops asper, Boa imperator y Crocodylus moreletii. Para Nahá, las primeras tres especies de importancia son: Basiliscus vittatus, Boa imperator, y Kinosternon leucostomum. La diferencia radica en que para los lacandones de Metzabok los animales más importantes son los que se encuentran representados en sus narrativas orales, mientras que para la comunidad de Nahá, las especies de mayor importancia son las que suelen encontrar cotidianamente al realizar recorridos por los senderos de la selva. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas | UANL IntRoductIon T he Mexican state of Chiapas stands out for its great biodiversity of amphibians and reptiles, only surpassed by that harbored in Veracruz and Oaxaca . A total of 107 species of amphibians and 223 species of reptiles have been identified, of which a total of 26 species are endemic at the state level . The mythical region known as Selva Lacandona is one of the most important multicultural and biodiverse regions of the state of Chiapas and in all of Mexico. Rzedowski (1983cited in Lazcano-Barrero et al., 1992 estimated that the tropical forests of Mexico originally included 12% of the national territory, and that by 1981 they constituted less than 1%. In 1985, the figures for the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Information Technology of Mexico (INEGI, 1985), point out that in the country remained a total of 114,060 km 2 of "jungles". In the Lacandona region, the jungles had an original extension of approximately 1,300,000 has; According to Calleros and Brauer (1983) by 1982, a total of 584,178 hectares had been transformed, that is the 45% of the total wooded area (Lazcano-Barrero et al., op. cit.).
After this severe rhythm of transformation of the territory, however, the federal Natural Protected Areas of the Selva Lacandona, which only represent ca. 0.9% of the national territory, currently remains with less than 300,000 hectares of pristine rainforest, which are estimated to conserve a fifth of the biological diversity of Mexico and 30 % of the clean water resources. The herpetofauna of the region has been estimated as a total of 35 species of amphibians and 90 species of reptiles (Hernández-Ordoñez et al., 2015), with vast areas remaining without formal exploration, such as the northern portion.
The National Commission of Natural Protected Areas (CONANP), an environmental government institution affiliated with SEMARNAT, regulates and establishes the management plans for Natural Protected Areas (NPA´s). They have provided a deficient record of the biodiversity of Nahá and Metzabok composed of a total of 19 herpetofaunal species (CONANP, 2006 a, b). This document lacked peer review and the checklist has not been updated until now. Here we present an updated checklist of the herpetofauna with some pertinent ethnoherpetological notes as a result of the field work led by IMG and ECC, who carried out over ca. one-year sampling in the field with the help of the local indigenous field guides of the Maya Lacandón or "Hach Winik" communities from Nahá and Metzabok in the northern portion of the mythical Selva Lacandona.

metHods
The field work in the two study areas was carried out for six months (August to October 2015 and February to June 2016) with visits from 10 to 15 days per month in the two communities, gathering the necessary information through the application of informal interviews in a participant observation framework and complemented with ethnobiological tours led by local members of the communities. During the interviews, we had the help of a local translator. The first stage of the interviews was carried out through informal conversations and adding as an aid a catalog of photographs of the herpetofaunistic species that were registered previously by the National Commission of Protected Natural Areas (CONANP) personnel or those of expected occurrence based on the pertinent literature available in each of the two Natural Protected Areas.
The searches for the existing herpetofauna were carried out under the criteria of Gaviño et al., (1982), in which there is no fixed limit of search extension, but rather the direct search, by known microhabitat, as well as a fixed time for the researcher; the search was from September 2015 to June 2016 covering the dry and rainy seasons. The hours were from 7 am to 10 am, from 1 to 3 pm, and from 9 pm to 12 am. For the collection of corresponding data for the species, the capture techniques of Casas-Andreu et al., (1991) were taken into account. The searches were carried out in the company of park rangers, people from the community, or external companions. The identifications were carried out with the taxonomic identification keys by Flores-Villela (1995), as well as with the help of Köhler's field guides (2003Köhler's field guides ( , 2010.

AReA of study
The research area of this study is included in the northern portion of the Selva Lacandona region, in the Maya Lacandón (Hach Winik) communities of Nahá and Metzabok (Figure 3, 5, 6). The polygonal outline of the site extends from 16 ° 56' 41 '' to 17 ° 08' 36 '' north latitude and from 91 ° 32' 52 '' to 91 ° 40' 09 '' west longitude. The total area of the protected areas of Nahá and Metzabok amounts to 7, 215.76 hectares; the latter were declared as protected areas with the character of Protected Areas of Flora and Fauna (APFF) on September 23, 1998, according to the publication of the Official Gazette of the Federation (DOF, 1998).
The Selva Lacandona derives its name from an indigenous community that has lived in it since prehispanic times, i.e., The Lacantunes=Lacandones. During the colonization, this is how the Spaniards referred to the Indians of Lacamtún. The etymology is derived from lacam: large; and tun: stone), as the Lacandones designated the main islet of the Miramar lagoon, in which they had built the small headquarters of their extensive jungle territory.
The Spanish conquest changed the Mayan toponym Lacamtún for that of "Lacandón" and used this Castilianized name to designate not only the island but also the lagoon and the region around it. In the last century, the foreign hunters who also cut mahogany and cedar in the region no longer used the colonial name; they called that part of the Lacandona Desert of Ocosingo or "Desierto de La Soledad," and the lagoon was known as Laguna Buenavista. The current names of Selva Lacandona and Miramar are recent appellations, assigned by explorers and loggers in the 1920s. Worth noting is that the modern concept of Selva Lacandona, in addition to being botanical and geographical, is also political, since it refers exclusively to the Mexican part of the tropical forest (De Vos and Marion, 2015).

vegetAtIon
The Nahá and Metzabok areas are located in the transition zone between the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, and are characterized by their great diversity, richness, and ecological fragility (CONANP, 2006b). The vegetation of Nahá and Metzabok, according to the classification of Rzedowski (1978) includes five different types of plant associations, including: Tropical Evergreen Forest, Thorny Forest, Cloudy Mountain Forest, Coniferous Forest, and Secondary Vegetation (Acahuales), which specifically for Nahá, are the Mesophyllous Mountain and Coniferous

fAunA
The Selva Lacandona harbors a high level of biological biodiversity. Being in the midst of political, social, cultural, and ecological conflicts, however, it has been transforming day after day. Chiapas has a total record of 207 species of mammals (Rivero and Medellín, 2015).
The region with the highest species richness is the Selva Lacandona with 134 species (Rivero and Medellín, op. cit.). The diversity of amphibians and reptiles reported is 35 species of amphibians and 90 species of reptiles (Hernández-Ordoñez et al., 2015). The analysis of the avifauna in the Lacandona is complemented by other previous and subsequent works that give an updated result in the list that is totally made up of 344 bird species (González-García, 1993).

cultuRAl context
The Lacandon Maya tribe have inhabited the region known as the Selva Lacandona since ancient times. Some authors have characterized the Maya-Lacandón as an indigenous group that, for a long time, remained isolated in the jungle. In the mid-nineteenth century, however, with the entry of logging and chiclero groups, as well as oil exploration workers, new paths were opened that allowed access to communication between the Lacandón villages and the rest of the state (CONANP, 2006b). In the mid-20th century, the distribution of indigenous groups of the Tseltal and Cho'l ethnic groups, mainly from the Altos de Chiapas and the Ocosingo Valley, gradually colonized the region starting in 1960, integrating more than 1,000 communities, rural areas of between 50 and 100 families who demanded the expropriation of land to be assigned to them as social property through the provision of ejidos, leaving the Lacandón clans immersed within the new established ejido population centers (CONANP, op.cit). Thus, some civil society organizations promoted the relocation of Lacandon families in new areas, so that in 1972 the current five Lacandón nuclei were formed: Lacanjá Chansayab, San Javier, Bethel, Nahá, and Metzabok, the last two communities being the ones that constitute those known as Lacandones del Norte, concentrating approximately 20% of the total of this ethnical group that is at the same time one of the smallest ethnic groups of Mexico (CONANP, 2006 a, b) Currently, the official organization at the regional level is represented by the authorities of the Zona Lacandona Community, an indigenous alliance made up of three ethnic groups: Maya-Lacandones, Choles, and Tseltales. Its highest authority is constituted by the Commissariat of Communal Assets and its Surveillance Council, made up of members of the three ethnic groups, elected in the Great Assembly held every three years, for which they bring together all 51 of the comuneros belonging to the Community. By regulation, the Commissariat must always be occupied by a Maya-Lacandón member (CONANP, 2006a).
The subsistence of the Lacandones has been based on the empirical knowledge of their environment and the development of a complex traditional agricultural system, which is complemented by the collection of fruits, seeds, and vines from the jungle, and hunting and fishing in rivers and lakes. It can be assured, with certainty, that, since the end of the 20th century, the Lacandón ethnic group has been subject to a constant and growing external influence, which contrasts with the fact that, during most of their history, they were a human group that lived outside many of the economic and social processes that shaped the history of Chiapas and the rest of the indigenous groups that inhabit the state territory.
The Nahá and Metzabok area is made up of eight ejidos and small communities, which are settled in the valleys, where the rivers and dirt roads run that link the region with two cities, to the east with the city of Palenque, and to the south with the city of Ocosingo. According to the most recent censuses carried out by the Rural Medical Units for the year 2006, in Nahá there are 253 inhabitants and Metzabok has 67 inhabitants.
The population of the region is totally indigenous, and they use their mother language, the Maya-Lacandón, to express themselves on a daily basis. Virtually all men under the age of 50 speak Spanish fluently, and the vast majority of young people can read and write.
In general terms, few adult women can speak Spanish fluently; this is largely due to reduced contact with outsiders relative to the men. The indigenous language is solidly maintained and used daily in its oral form; however, only a few members of the community are interested in developing writing in their language, so the vast majority ignores the grammatical elements to express themselves in writing in their own language. Some schools have now included elementary lessons in reading and writing in their local language, which is of great value to their cultures (Montes, 2005).

Results
As a result of the field work and the literature records, we found that the herpetofauna in both communities is composed as follows: in the case of amphibians, we recorded 22 species grouped into nine families and two orders. In the case of the reptiles, 45 species were recorded grouped into 21 families and three orders. In general, 67 herpetofaunal species were registered in the area of the APFF Nahá and Metzabok, included in 30 families and five orders (see Table 1; figures 7 to 35).
The distributional categorization analysis of the 67 species involved in this study produced a figure of a total of 2 country endemic species, 40 species native to Mexico The Environmental Vulnerability Score (EVS; Wilson et al., 2013a, b) was applied to the 67 herpetofaunistic species.
We found that 32 species are considered inside the low vulnerability category, 28 species fell inside the medium vulnerability category and a total of 6 species are in the highest vulnerability category.
During the field work, a total of 67 informal interviews were carried out in the two study communities (Metzabok n=37 and Nahá n=30), covering 50% and 11%, respectively, of the total population of each town (Metzabok n= 67 and Nahá n=253, according to the Instituto Nacional Electoral [INEGI, 2001]). The interviews were directed to two people in each family. If focus groups were formed, they were also taken into account; in this way, older adults, adults, young people, and children were able to participate.
We found that the northern Lacandones have a traditional classification of the amphibians and reptiles, in which they separate the herpetofauna into six major groups: toads or be ṕ, frogs or xut, turtles or ak, crocodiles or ayim, lizards or torok, and snakes or kan.
Within each group, some species are given a more specific name, either because of their morphology, their color, some vocalization they generate, the place where they have been found, or some history or story related to that species (see Table 2). Regarding the ethno-taxonomy, Góngora-Arones (1987) mentioned that the Lacandones of Lacanjá Chansayab recognize six groups into which they divide the herpetofauna: torok (lizards), ak (turtles), kan (snakes), ayim (crocodiles), chut or T'iu (frog), ran (toads). This classification in some groups is identical to the classification provided by the Northern Lacandones in  (1987) might not have been understood in the correct or inclusive way. According to more recent informal interviews with Lacandones from Lacanjá, the herpetofauna is classified into: torok (lizards), ak (turtles), kan (snakes), ayim (crocodiles) and Rerek (frogs and toads), forming five groups, of which there are subdivisions that take into account the morphology, coloration, vocalization, and habits. This is still similar to what the northern Lacandones identify; however, a notable difference in the classification of reptiles and amphibians is that toads are separated from frogs. The importance of a species within a culture, however, will give it more specific names; this happens with snakes, which would give us an idea of how important snakes are for the Lacandon people. Their interest in conservation, as well as their beliefs and fears, make snakes very important in their culture.
The Tojolabales (González, 2001) recognize four groups, separating toads, turtles, snakes, and venomous snakes. The Mam culture also has its own classification system where snakes are recognized as Kan. These are clear examples that the herpetofauna in certain cultures of Chiapas has an important place and is given a classification. In the case of the northern Lacandones, the group of snakes is called Kan, which coincides with how the Mam culture knows snakes; it is possible that it derives from ancestral knowledge given the Mayan roots of most ethnic groups in Chiapas.

ConClusions
Through this study, it was possible to expand the herpetofaunistic record that was described by CONANP in 2006. In total, the Nahá and Metzabok communities contain a total of 67 species, including 22 species of amphibians and 45 species of reptiles.
The traditional form of classification of the Lacandones from the north divides and recognizes the groups of crocodiles, lizards, turtles, frogs, toads and snakes. Salamanders are included within lizards.
Their organization system depends on coloration, morphology, vocalization, habits, and habitat of the involved groups of species.
Among the factors that constantly threaten the behavior and culture of the Lacandones is the establishment of the APFF´s decrees. These areas and their own dynamics have contributed to increase the abandonment of cultural beliefs and traditions regarding faunal species, to the detriment of the conservation of all species. In this sense, a series of operating rules have been generated that the Lacandón people must abide by in order to have access to federal projects that generate monetary gains for them.
The income from environmental services implemented by the federal government in the Lacandona has led to the abandonment of daily practices in Nahá, allowing entry to Tzeltal or Chol people to work the land. On the other hand, the Evangelical, Pentecostal, and Seventhday churches are undoubtedly a very important and decisive factor in cultural change by prohibiting the worship of traditional deities, speaking of their beliefs, the development of their rituals, of their songs and prayers. This influence results in the interruption of the previously strong link between nature and human societies.

RecommendAtIons
We strongly urge the Mexican government to guarantee the effective recognition of the collective rights of the ethnical groups of Mexico and their traditional knowledge and languages. In the case of the Maya Lacandones of Nahá and Metzabok, we are talking about one of the smallest ethnical groups or minorities; however, they still possess their native language and cultural traditions, beliefs, and customs. They are in fact the owners and the best guardians of one of the most important remnants of biodiversity at the country and Mesoamerica levels. Their strong link between society and nature enables them to persist during millennia with a semi-nomadic style of life inside the great Selva Maya. The knowledge and cosmogony they maintain is vital to understanding the reasons why they have resisted the destruction of their common home, i.e., the rainforest.

Acknowledgments
T h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s d o c u m e n t a n d t h e photographic inventory would not have been possible without the field collaboration and contribution of Rafael Tarano-González and Jaime Tarano-López (father and son, respectively) who are both members of the Lacandon community of Puerto Bello Metzabok. We also thank the biologist and photographer Daniel Ochoa for the donation of his splendid image of Agalychnis moreletii. We also thank the local authorities and members of the communities of Nahá      NT A * = endemic species of Mexico. ** = endemic species of Chiapas-Naha and Metzabok. TC = Species documented in the authors' field work. M = record of a scientific collection-museum specimen. Distribution Status: NE = non-endemic; CE = country endemic; RE = regional endemic. The numbers suffixed to the NE category signify the distributional categories developed by Wilson et al., (2017)   The numbers indicated below the non-endemic box refer to the following distributional categories (as explained in Wilson et al.,2017): 3 (MXUS-species distributed only in Mexico and the United States); 4 (MXCA-species found only in Mexico and Central America); 6 (MXSAspecies ranging from Mexico to South America); 7 (USCA-species ranging from the United States to Central America); and 8 (USSA-species ranging from the United States to South America).         (Conant and Collins 1991;Lee 1996). The range of S. serrifer (sensu lato) is substantially larger than that of S. s. cyanogenys (or S. cyanogenys (Lee, 1996). This individual was located in Puerto Bello Metzabok in the municipality of Ocosingo. Wilson et al.,. (2013b) (Savage, 2002). This individual came from of Puerto Bello Metzabok in the municipality of Ocosingo. Wilson et al.,. (2013b) ascertained its EVS as 11 placing it in the medium vulnerability category. Its conservation status has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) by the IUCN and not listed by SEMARNAT. Photo by Ana Iris Melgar-Martínez.

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Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas | UANL Figure 23. Coleonyx elegans. (Gray, 1845). The Yucatan Banded Gecko is a non-endemic species ranging on the Pacific slope from southern Nayarit (Mexico) to western El Salvador, and on the Atlantic slope from Veracruz (Mexico) southward through the Yucatan Peninsula, including northern Guatemala and Belize. Its elevational range extends from near sea level to about 1,055 masl (Wilson and Johnson, 2010). This individual was photographed in Puerto Bello Metzabok in the municipality of Ocosingo. Wilson et al.,. (2013b) calculated its EVS as 9, placing it at the upper portion of the low vulnerability category. Its conservation status has not been assessed by IUCN, and this species is listed as Endangered (A) by SEMARNAT. Photo by Rafael Tarano-González.  (Heimes, 2016). This individual was found in Puerto Bello Metzabok the municipality of Ocosingo. Its EVS has been determined as 6 placing in it in the low vulnerability category Wilson et al.,. (2013b (Lee 1996;Campbell ,1998 (Lee, 1996). This individual is from Puerto Bello Metzabok in the municipality of Ocosingo. Wilson et al.,. (2013b) assessed its EVS as 9, placing it at the upper limit of the low vulnerability category. Its conservation status has not been determined by the IUCN, and this species is not listed by SEMARNAT. Photo by Ana Iris Melgar-Martínez. Figure 28. Oxybelis potosiensis. (Taylor, 1941). The Gulf Coast Vine Snake is distributed from San Luis Potosí and northern Veracruz, southward to Yucatán, Mexico, and Belize (Jadin et al.,. 2020 America to Argentina. This snake also occurs along the Pacific lowlands and premontane slopes from Chiapas to Guatemala. In the Yucatán Peninsula, it is known from southern Campeche and Quintana Roo, but this species apparently is absent from the arid northwestern region of the peninsula (Heimes, 2016). This individual was found at Puerto Bello Metzabok in the municipality of Ocosingo. Wilson et al.,. (2013b) determined its EVS as 6 placing it in the low vulnerability category. Its conservation status is listed as Least Concern (LC) by IUCN and not listed by SEMARNAT. Photo by Ana Iris Melgar-Martínez.  (Berthold, 1846). The Eyelash palm-pitviper ranges at low and moderate elevations from southern Mexico to western Venezuela and northern Peru (Campbell and Lamar, 1989;2004). In northern Central America, this species occurs only on the Atlantic versant, but from Costa Rica southward it is also found on the Pacific side. In Mexico, it is rare and known only from scattered localities in the northern and eastern highlands of Chiapas (in the areas of El Ocote, Ocozocoautla, El Mercadito near Cintalapa, and Ocosingo), at elevations ranging from about 200 to 1,200 masl (Heimes, 2016). This individual came from Puerto Bello Metzabok in the municipality of Ocosingo. Wilson et al.,. (2013b) determined its EVS as 14, placing it at the lower limit of the high vulnerability category. Its conservation status has been assessed as Near Threatened by the IUCN, and as Threatened (A) by SEMARNAT. Photo by Miguel Cruz-Ríos.  (Bocourt, 1868). The Mesoamerican Snapping Turtle is a non-endemic species distributed from Veracruz, Mexico, through southern Belize and central Guatemala to northwestern Honduras; it is not known from Yucatán (Iverson, 1992). This individual is from Puerto Bello Metzabok, in the municipality of Ocosingo. Wilson et al.,. (2013b) ascertained its EVS as 17, placing it in the middle portion of the high vulnerability category. Its conservation status has been assessed as Vulnerable by IUCN, and this species is not listed by SEMARNAT. Photo by Rafael Tarano-González.  (Köhler, 2008). This individual was found at Puerto Bello Metzabok in the municipality of Ocosingo. Wilson et al.,. (2013b) determined its EVS as 14, placing it at the lower limit of the high vulnerability category. Its conservation status has been assessed as Near Threatened by the IUCN, and as Threatened (A) by SEMARNAT. Photo by Rafael Tarano-González. the "COPAN" project to assess the presence of the species across its historical range and in outlying areas; 63 localities were surveyed in 10 States (Sigler and Dominguez, 2008). In Mexico, C. moreletii occupies an estimated area of 396,455 km² (estimated by GARP algorithm and based on historical and actual localities). Total historical distribution across all three range states has been estimated as 450,000 km², of which 88% lies in Mexico (CONABIO, 2006). This individual came from of Puerto Bello Metzabok. Wilson et al.,. (2013b) ascertained its EVS as 13 placing it in the medium vulnerability category. Its conservation status has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) by the IUCN and Special protection (Pr) by SEMARNAT. Photo by Ana Iris Melgar-Martínez.