Aceites esenciales de origen natural: características químicas, técnicas de extracción y potencial aplicación biológica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29105/bys5.10-71Palabras clave:
aceite esencial, extracción, actividad biológica, antimicrobiano, antioxidanteResumen
Los aceites esenciales son una mezcla compleja de más de 100 componentes, cuya función es crucial en la supervivencia de las plantas, ya que, por un lado, atraen a determinados insectos que participan en su polinización y, por el otro lado, debido a su olor, ahuyentan a otros animales depredadores. Gracias a su variedad química, se les han atribuido un gran número de actividades biológicas que han sido aprovechadas en la industria cosmética, alimentaria y farmacéutica. El presente trabajo aborda los aceites esenciales como productos naturales bioactivos, las técnicas más comunes para su extracción y sus principales aplicaciones en el área biológica.
Descargas
Citas
Adame-Gallegos, J. R., Andrade-Ochoa, S., & Nevarez-Moorillon, G. V. 2016. Potential use of mexican oregano essential oil against parasite, fungal and bacterial pathogens. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 19(3), 553–567. http://doi.org/10.1080/0972060x.2015.1116413
Ali, B., Al-Wabel, N. A., Shams, S., Ahamad, A., Khan, S. A., & Anwar, F. 2015. Essential oils used in aromatherapy: a systemic review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(8), 601–611. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.05.007
Alonso-Gato, M., Astray, G., Mejuto, J. C., & Simal-Gandara, J. 2021. Essential oils as antimicrobials in crop protection. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 10(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10010034
Andrade, M.A., Braga, M.A., Cesar, P.H.S., Trento, M.V.C., Espósito, M.A., Silva, L.F., Marcussi, S. 2018. Anticancer properties of essential oils: an overview. Current Cancer Drug Targets, 18(10): 957-966. http://doi.org/10.2174/1568009618666180102105843
Arafat, Y., Altemimi, A., Ibrahim, S. A., & Badwaik, L. S. 2020. Valorization of sweet lime peel for the extraction of essential oil by solvent free microwave extraction enhanced with ultrasound pretreatment. Molecules, 25(18), 4072. http://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184072
Argote-Vega F.E., Suarez-Montenegro Z.J., Tobar-Delgado M.E., Pérez-Álvarez J.A., Hurtado-Benavides A.M., Delgado-Ospina J. 2017. Evaluación de la capacidad inhibitoria de aceites esenciales en Staphylococcus aureus y Escherichia coli. Biotecnología en el Sector Agropecuario y Agroindustrial, (2). https://doi.org/10.18684/bsaa(v15)ediciónespecialn2.578
Arici, S.E., Sanli, A. 2014. Effect of some essential oils against Rhizoctonia solani and Streptomycetes scabies on potato plants in field conditions. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4(12): 2027-2036. https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2014/8526
Arraiza M.P., Gonzalez-Coloma A., Andres M.F., Berrocal-Lobo M., Dominguez-Nuñez J.A., Da Costa A.C., Jr., Navarro-Rocha J., Calderon-Guerrero C. 2018. Antifungal effect of essential oils. In: El-Shemy H., editor. Potential of Essential Oils. IntechOpen; Londos, UK.
Arumugam G., Swamy M. K., Sinniah U. R. 2016. Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng: botanical, phytochemical, pharmacological and nutritional significance. Molecules, 21(4):p. 369. http://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21040369
Baser K. H. C., Buchbauer G. Handbook of Essential Oils: Science, Technology and Applications. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press; 2010.
Bergman, M. E., Davis, B., & Phillips, M. A. 2019. Medically useful plant terpenoids: biosynthesis, occurrence, and mechanism of action. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 24(21), 3961. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213961
Boukhatem, M. N., Ferhat, M. A., Rajabi, M., & Mousa, S. A. 2020. Solvent-free microwave extraction: an eco-friendly and rapid process for green isolation of essential oil from lemongrass. Natural Product Research, 1–4. http://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2020.1795852
Capuzzo, A., Maffei, M., & Occhipinti, A. 2013. Supercritical fluid extraction of plant flavors and fragrances. Molecules, 18(6), 7194–7238. http://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18067194
Cheng, Y., Xue, F., Yu, S., Du, S., Yang, Y. 2021. Subcritical water extraction of natural products. Molecules, 30; 26(13): 4004. http://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134004
Choi, O., Cho, S.K., Kim, J. 2016. Biological evaluation of 32 different essential oils against Acidovorax citrulli, with a focus on Cinnamomum verum essential oil. African Journal of Biotechnology, 15:68–76. http://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2015.15049
Elshafie, H. S., Ghanney, N., Mang, S. M., Ferchichi, A., & Camele, I. 2016. An in vitro attempt for controlling severe phytopathogens and human pathogens using essential oils from mediterranean plants of genus Schinus. Journal of Medicinal Food, 19(3), 266–273. http://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2015.0093
Espinosa Carranza, N.N. 2021. Valoración biofísica del carvacrol nanoencapsulado para su uso como dermoprotector. Tesis Maestría, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León. 72pp.
Farrar, A. J., & Farrar, F. C. 2020. Clinical aromatherapy. The Nursing clinics of North America, 55(4), 489–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2020.06.015
Filly, A., Fernandez, X., Minuti, M., Visinoni, F., Cravotto, G., & Chemat, F. 2014. Solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oil from aromatic herbs: From laboratory to pilot and industrial scale. Food Chemistry, 150, 193–198. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.13
Gakuubi, M. M., Maina, A. W., & Wagacha, J. M. 2017. Antifungal activity of essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh against selected Fusarium spp. International Journal of Microbiology, 1–7. http://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8761610
Gavahian, M., Sastry, S., Farhoosh, R., Farahnaky, A. 2020. Ohmic heating as a promising technique for extraction of herbal essential oils: understanding mechanisms, recent findings, and associated challenges. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, (91), 227-273. http://doi.org/10.1016/bs.afnr.2019.09.001
Ghahramanloo, K., & Hanachi, P. 2017. Comparative analysis of essential oil composition of Iranian and Indian Nigella sativa L. extracted by using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and solvent extraction. Clinical Biochemistry, 44(13), S20. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.08
Githaiga, B.M., Gathuru, E.M., Waithaka, P.N., Kiarie L.W. 2018. Determination of antibacterial activity of essential oils from mint (Mentha spicata) leaves on selected pathogenic bacteria. Journal of Drugs and Pharmaceutical Science, 2:8–14. http://doi.org/10.31248/JDPS2018.015
González-Moreno, B.J. 2021. Efecto conservador de cubiertas biopoliméricas a base de nanoingredientes con aceite esencial de Origanum vulgare en la vida de anaquel de productos hortofrutícolas. Tesis doctorado (en proceso), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León.
Gu, L.-B., Pang, H.-L., Lu, K.-K., Liu, H.-M., Wang, X.-D., & Qin, G.-Y. 2017. Process optimization and characterization of fragrant oil from red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seed extracted by subcritical butane extraction. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 97(6), 1894–1903. http://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7992
Guerra-Boone L., Álvarez-Román R., Salazar-Aranda R., Torres-Cirio A., Rivas-Galindo V.M., Waksman-de-Torres N., Pérez-López L.A. 2015. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and chemical characterization of essential oils of Thymus vulgaris, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Origanum majorana from northeastern México. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 28(1): 363–369
Gupta, R.K., Patel, A.K., Shah, N., Chaudhary, A., Jha, U., Yadav, U.C. 2014. Oxidative stress and antioxidants in disease and cancer: a review. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 15: 4405–4409. http://doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.11.4405
Hernández, H., Fraňková, A., Sýkora, T., Klouček, P., Kouřimská, L., Kučerová, I., & Banout, J. 2017. The effect of oregano essential oil on microbial load and sensory attributes of dried meat. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 97(1), 82–87. http://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7685
Herrero, M., Sánchez-Camargo, A. del P., Cifuentes, A., & Ibáñez, E. 2015. Plants, seaweeds, microalgae and food by-products as natural sources of functional ingredients obtained using pressurized liquid extraction and supercritical fluid extraction. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 71, 26–38. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2015.01.018
Jurevičiūtė, R., Ložienė, K., Bruno, M., Maggio, A., & Rosselli, S. 2019. Composition of essential oil of lemon thyme (Thymus × citriodorus) at different hydrodistillation times. Natural Product Research, 1–9. http://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1434642
Justyna P., Owczarek K., Tobiszewski M., Namie J. 2017. Trends in analytical chemistry extraction with environmentally friendly solvents. Analytical Chemistry, 91, 12–25.
Kalagatur, N. K., Nirmal Ghosh, O. S., Sundararaj, N., & Mudili, V. 2018. Antifungal activity of chitosan nanoparticles encapsulated with Cymbopogon martinii essential oil on plant pathogenic Fungi Fusarium graminearum. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9: 610. http://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00610
Kapalavavi, B., Doctor, N., Zhang, B., & Yang, Y. 2021. Subcritical water extraction of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Molecules, 26(6), 1634. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061634
Langeveld, W.T., Veldhuizen, E.J., Burt, S.A. 2014. Synergy between essential oil components and antibiotics: a review. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 40(1): 76-94. http://doi.org/10.3109/1040841X.2013.763219
Leyva-López, N., Gutiérrez-Grijalva, E., Vazquez-Olivo, G., & Heredia, J. 2017. Essential oils of oregano: biological activity beyond their antimicrobial properties. Molecules, 22(6), 989. http://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22060989
Leyva-López, N., Nair, V., Bang, W. Y., Cisneros-Zevallos, L., & Heredia, J. B. 2016. Protective role of terpenes and polyphenols from three species of Oregano (Lippia graveolens, Lippia palmeri and Hedeoma patens) on the suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 187, 302–312. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.051
Li, R., Xia, Z., Li, B., Tian, Y., Zhang, G., Li, M., & Dong, J. 2021. Advances in supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of bioactive substances from different parts of Ginkgo biloba L. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 26(13), 4011. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134011
Li, Y., Fabiano-Tixier, A. S., Vian, M. A., & Chemat, F. 2013. Solvent-free microwave extraction of bioactive compounds provides a tool for green analytical chemistry. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 47, 1–11. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2013.02.007
Lucinewton, S., Moura, L. S., Carvalho Jr., R. N., Stefanini, M. B., Ming, L. C., & Meireles, M. A. A. 2013. Supercritical fluid extraction from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare): global yield, composition and kinetic data. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 35(3), 212–219. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2005.01.006
Lugo Estrada L. 2018. Nanoencapsulación de aceites esenciales para el control de Aedes aegypti. Tesis de Doctorado. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, 120pp.
Mahdi, S., Rahimi-Nasrabadi, M., & Hajimirsadeghic, S. 2014. Supercritical fluid technology in analytical chemistry - review. Current Analytical Chemistry, 10(1), 3–28. http://doi.org/10.2174/1573411011410010004
McHugh M., Krukonis V. Supercritical Fluid Extraction: Principles and Practice, 2 ed., Elsevier, Butterworthe Heinemann 80, Montvale Avenue Stoneham, 2013.
Mohamed, A. A., Behiry, S. I., Younes, H. A., Ashmawy, N. A., Salem, M. Z. M., Márquez-Molina, O., & Barbabosa-Pilego, A. 2019. Antibacterial activity of three essential oils and five monoterpenes against Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype II isolated from potato. Microbial Pathogenesis, 103604. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103604
Najar, B., Pistelli, L., Mancini, S., & Fratini, F. 2020. Chemical composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils from different species of Juniperus (section Juniperus). Flavour and Fragrance Journal. http://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3602
Nazzaro, F., Fratianni, F., Coppola, R., & Feo, V. 2017. Essential oils and antifungal activity. Pharmaceuticals, 10(4), 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph10040086
Pauli, A., Schilche, H. In Vitro Antimicrobial activities of essential oils monographed in the European pharmacopoeia. In: Hüsnü K., Baser C., Buchbauer G., editors. Handbook of essential oils; Science, Technology, and Applications. Chapter 12. CRC Press; 2009. pp. 353–547.
Piña-Barrera, A.M., Álvarez-Román, R., Báez-González, J.G., Amaya-Guerra, C.A., Rivas-Morales, C., Gallardo-Rivera, C.T. and Galindo-Rodríguez, S.A. 2019. Application of a multisystem coating based on polymeric nanocapsules containing essential oil of Thymus vulgaris L. to increase the shelf life of table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.). IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience, 18(4): 549– 557. http://doi.org/10.1109/tnb.2019.2941931
Piña-Barrera, A.M., Ramírez-Pérez, M.S., Báez-González, J.G., Amaya-Guerra, C.A., Álvarez-Román, R., Galindo-Rodríguez, S.A. 2021. Recubrimiento comestible con eugenol nanoencapsulado y su efecto conservador en la vida útil de jitomate (Solanum lycopersicum). Biotecnia, 23(3): 133-141. https://doi.org/10.18633/biotecnia.v23i3.1477
Requejo, A. 2020. Aceites esenciales en sinergia. Exlibric, Antenquera, Malága.
Reyes-Jurado, F., López-Malo, A., & Palou, E. 2016. Antimicrobial activity of individual and combined essential oils against foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Journal of Food Protection, 79(2), 309–315. http://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-392
Salas Cedillo, H.I. 2016. Desarrollo de un potencial insecticida nanoparticulado de Schinus molle para el control de Aedes aegypti. Tesis de Maestría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, 101pp.
Santana O., Cabrera R., Gonzalez-Coloma A., Sanchez-Vioque R., De los Mozos-Pascual M., Rodriguez-Conde M.F., Laserna-Ruiz I., Usano-Alemany J., Herraiz D. 2012. Perfil químico y biológico de aceites esenciales de plantas aromáticas de interés agro-industrial en Castilla-La Mancha (España). Grasas y Aceites, 63: 214–222. http://doi.org/10.3989/gya.129611
Santiago, M. B., Moraes, T. da S., Massuco, J. E., Silva, L. O., Lucarini, R., da Silva, D. F., Martins, C. H. G. 2018. In vitro evaluation of essential oils for potential antibacterial effects against Xylella fastidiosa. Journal of Phytopathology. http://doi.org/10.1111/jph.12762
Scalvenzi L., Yaguache-Camacho B., Cabrera-Martínez P., Guerrini A. 2016. Actividad antifúngica in vitro de aceites esenciales de Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Kosterm. y Piper aduncum L. Bioagro, 28: 39–46. Disponible en <http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1316-33612016000100005&lng=es&nrm=iso>
Sharififar F., Mirtajadini M., Azampour MJ, Zamani E. Aceite esencial y extracto metanólico de Zataria multiflora Boiss con efecto anticolinesterasa. 2012. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences; 15: 49–53.
Sharifi-Rad, J., Sureda, A., Tenore, G., Daglia, M., Sharifi-Rad, M., Valussi, M., Iriti, M. 2017. Biological activities of essential oils: from plant chemoecology to traditional healing systems. Molecules, 22(1), 70. http://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22010070
Silva, G.L., Luft, C., Lunardelli, A., Amaral, R.H., Melo, D.A., Donadio, M.V., Nunes, F.B., de Azambuja, M.S., Santana, J.C., Moraes, C.M., Mello, R.O., Cassel, E., Pereira, M.A., de Oliveira, J.R. 2015. Antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of lavender essential oil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 87(2): 1397-408. http://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520150056
Silva-Flores, P.G. 2019. Desarrollo y evaluación dermatocinetica de nanopartículas con aceites esenciales para su aplicación en piel. Tesis Doctorado, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, 187pp.
Siti, H. N., Kamisah, Y., & Kamsiah, J. 2015. The role of oxidative stress, antioxidants and vascular inflammation in cardiovascular disease (a review). Vascular Pharmacology, 71, 40–56. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.vph.2015.03.005
Teixeira, M.L., Marcussi, S., de C. S. Rezende, D.A., Magalhães, M.L., Nelson, D.L., das G. Cardoso, M. 2019. Essential oil from Lippia origanoides (Verbenaceae): haemostasis and enzymes activity alterations. Medicinal Chemistry, 15 (2): 207-214. http://doi.org/10.2174/1573406414666180829150515
Tetali S. D. 2018. Terpenes and isoprenoids: a wealth of compounds for global use. Planta 249, 1–8. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-018-3056-x
Tomazoni, E. Z., Pansera, M. R., Pauletti, G. F., Moura, S., Ribeiro, R. T. S., & Schwambach, J. 2016. In vitro antifungal activity of four chemotypes of Lippia alba (Verbenaceae) essential oils against Alternaria solani (Pleosporeaceae) isolates. Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 88(2), 999–1010. http://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201620150019
Tu, Q.-B., Wang, P.-Y., Sheng, S., Xu, Y., Wang, J.-Z., You, S., Wu, F.-A. 2020. Microencapsulation and antimicrobial activity of plant essential oil against Ralstonia solanacearum. Waste and Biomass Valorization. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-00987-6
Velázquez-Dávila, L. A., Galindo-Rodríguez, S. A., Pérez-López, L. A., González-González, M. G., & Álvarez-Román, R. 2017. In vitro and in vivo methods for the evaluation of natural products against dermatophytes. Natural Product Communications, 12(2), http://doi.org/doi:10.1177/1934578x1701200239
Vivaldo, G., Masi, E., Taiti, C., Caldarelli, G. and Mancuso, S. 2017. The network of plants volatile organic compounds. Scientific Reports. 7:1-18.
Waseem, R., Low, K.H. 2015. Advanced analytical techniques for the extraction and characterization of plant-derived essential oils by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Journal of Separation Science, 38(3): 483-501. http://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201400724
Watanabe, E., Kuchta, K., Kimura, M., Rauwald, H. W., Kamei, T., & Imanishi, J. 2015. Effects of bergamot (Citrus bergamia (Risso) Wright & Arn.) essential oil aromatherapy on mood states, parasympathetic nervous system activity, and salivary cortisol levels in 41 healthy females. Complementary Medicine Research, 22(1), 43–49. http://doi.org/10.1159/000380989
Yahya, N. A., Attan, N., & Wahab, R. A. 2018. An overview of cosmeceutically relevant plant extracts and strategies for extraction of plant-based bioactive compounds. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 2, 69- 85. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2018.09.002
Zhang, L., Lu, S. 2017. Overview of medicinally important diterpenoids derived from plastids. Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 17:988–1001. http://doi.org/10.2174/1389557516666160614005244.
Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Ruan, J., Zhuang, X., Zhang, X., Li, Z. 2020. Phytochemicals of garlic: promising candidates for cancer therapy. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 123:109730. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109730
Zhao, Y., Fan, Y.-Y., Yu, W.-G., Wang, J., Lu, W., & Song, X.-Q. 2019. Ultrasound-enhanced subcritical fluid extraction of essential oil from Nymphaea alba var and its antioxidant activity. Journal of AOAC International, 102(5), 1448–1454. http://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/102.5.1448
Zheng, J., Liu, T., Guo, Z., Zhang, L., Mao, L., Zhang, Y., & Jiang, H. 2019. Fumigation and contact activities of 18 plant essential oils on Villosiclava virens, the pathogenic fungus of rice false smut. Scientific Reports, 9(1). http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43433
