Microbiomas:
la influencia invisible en la evolución y conservación de los organismos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29105/bys8.16-189Palabras clave:
Microbioma, evolución, microbioma-hospedero, adaptación, conservaciónResumen
Los microorganismos se encuentran en casi todas las superficies terrestres y han influido en el desarrollo y evolución de los organismos pluricelulares gracias a complejas redes de interacción. Son capaces de modificar la expresión genética del hospedero, la disponibilidad de nutrientes, o facilitar la adaptación a condiciones extremas. La carga microbiana que se encuentra asociada a los huéspedes suele ser tan alta que nos obliga a cuestionar lo que significa ser un individuo realmente y reconsiderar nuestra forma de convivir con ellos en nuestro cuerpo. Para comprender la contribución de la microbiota a la evolución del hospedero, no solo es necesario observar la variación de la diversidad microbiana, igualmente debemos entender el lenguaje en el que las células interactúan. En la última década, los estudios que examinan el intercambio de metabolitos entre los microrganismos y sus hospederos se han incrementado exponencialmente. En el caso de la microbiota intestinal humana, se han propuesto diversas aplicaciones para la modulación del microbioma, como la suplementación de probióticos y prebióticos, terapias dirigidas (CRISPR-Cas), o incluso métodos radicales como los trasplantes de comunidades bacterianas completas. Lo novedoso de estas aplicaciones se ha extendido hasta el área de conservación de ecosistemas donde se intenta mejorar la supervivencia de los organismos a través del manejo de las comunidades microbianas, tanto intestinales como ambientales. Cabe resaltar que prevalecen importantes cuestiones por resolver en el estudio de los microbiomas y su aplicación, ya que la información genómica disponible públicamente es limitada, al igual que la habilidad para identificar las contribuciones de cada especie a la comunidad, y la comprensión de los procesos ecológicos involucrados. En este articulo abordaremos los efectos potenciales de la actividad microbiológica sobre la adaptación de los hospederos, además de revisar la importancia de los microbiomas para la conservación del medio ambiente.
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