Aliados invisibles del nogal pecanero
el papel de los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29105/bys9.18-266Palabras clave:
Hongos Micorrízicos Arbusculares (HMA), simbiosis planta–microorganismo, nogal pecanero, déficit hídricoResumen
Los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) establecen una simbiosis mutualista con las raíces de la mayoría de las plantas terrestres, favoreciendo la absorción de agua y nutrientes, así como la regulación fisiológica frente a condiciones ambientales adversas. En cultivos perennes como el nogal pecanero (Carya illinoinensis), esta interacción ha cobrado relevancia debido a su potencial para mejorar la productividad y la calidad del fruto, especialmente en regiones semiáridas donde la disponibilidad hídrica es limitada. La diversidad de HMA en sistemas pecaneros depende del suelo, manejo agronómico y clima, siendo los microorganismos nativos una alternativa prometedora como bioinsumos. Bajo estrés hídrico, los HMA mejoran la tolerancia vegetal mediante ajustes fisiológicos, activación antioxidante y mayor eficiencia en la absorción de fósforo. Además, pueden incrementar compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides en la nuez, fortaleciendo su valor nutracéutico. En conjunto, el uso de HMA representa una estrategia sostenible para mejorar la resiliencia productiva, la fertilidad del suelo y la calidad funcional del fruto.
Descargas
Citas
Abdallah, M.M., C. Suo, Y. Cui, R.H. Ullah, H.H. Nhung, L. Li, C. Liu. 2025. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as integrative modulators of plant tolerance to drought, salinity, and heavy metal stress: mechanistic insights and future directions. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. 24: 100636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2025.100636
Alam, M.Z., T.R. Choudhury, M.A.U. Mridha. 2023. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve biomass growth, mineral content, and antioxidant activity in tomato plants under drought stress. Journal of Food Quality. 2023(1): 2581608. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2581608
Amiri, R., A. Nikbakht, N. Etemadi. 2015. Alleviation of drought stress on rose geranium [Pelargonium graveolens (L.) Herit.] in terms of antioxidant activity and secondary metabolites by mycorrhizal inoculation. Scientia Horticulturae. 197; 373-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.062
Aroca, R., A. Bago, M. Sutka, J. A. Paz, C. Cano, G. Amodeo, J.M. Ruiz-Lozano. 2009. Expression analysis of the first arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi aquaporin described reveals concerted gene expression between salt-stressed and nonstressed mycelium. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. 22(9): 1169-1178. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-22-9-1169
Babuin, M.F., M. Echeverría, A.B. Menéndez, S.J. Maiale. 2016. Arbuscular mycorrhizal pecan nut seedlings alleviate the effect of restricted water supply. Hortscience. 51(3): 212-215. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.51.3.212
Behrooz, A., K. Vahdati, F. Rejali, M. Lotfi, S. Sarikhani, C. Leslie. 2019. Arbuscular mycorrhiza and plant growth-promoting bacteria alleviate drought stress in walnut. HortScience. 54: 1087-1092. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI13961-19
Bonany, J., F. Camps, J. Salvia, M. Cohen. 2000. Relationship between trunk diameter fluctuations, stem water potential and fruit growth rate in potted adult apple trees. Acta Horticulturae. 511: 43-49.
Bonito, G., T. Brenneman, R. Vilgalys. 2011. Ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity in orchards of cultivated pecan (Carya illinoinensis; Juglandaceae). Mycorrhiza. 21(7): 601-612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-011-0368-0
Bowles, T.M., F.H. Barrios-Masias, E.A. Carlisle, T.R. Cavagnaro, L.E. Jackson. 2016. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizae on tomato yield, nutrient uptake, water relations, and soil carbon dynamics under deficit irrigation in field conditions. Science of the Total Environment. 566-567, 1223-1234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.178
Cao, F., Y. Wei, X. Wang, Y. Li, F. Peng. 2019. A study of the evaluation of the pecan drought resistance of grafted ‘Pawnee’ trees from different seedling rootstocks. HortScience. 54(12): 2139–2145. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI14341-19
Chandrasekaran, M. y M. Paramasivan. 2022. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and antioxidant enzymes in ameliorating drought stress: a meta-analysis. Plant Soil. 480: 295-303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05582-3
Dierks, J., W.J. Blaser-Hart, H.A. Gamper, J. Six. 2022. Mycorrhizal fungi-mediated uptake of tree-derived nitrogen by maize in smallholder farms. Nature Sustainability. 5: 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00791-7
Duan, H.X., C.L. Luo, S.Y. Zhu, W. Wang, M. Naseer, Y.C. Xiong. 2021. Density‐and moisture‐dependent effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on drought acclimation in wheat. Ecological Applications. 31(8): Article e02444. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2444
Eskimez, İ., M. Bilginturan, Ş. Mertoglu, P. Mehmet, K. Barış, M. Kerem. 2025. Mycorrhizal symbiosis improves nutrient uptake and growth performance of walnut rootstock (cv. ‘Vlach’) in calcareous soils. Applied Fruit Science. 67, 426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-025-01664-5
Faghihinia, M., J. Jansa, L.J. Halverson, y P.L. Staddon. 2023. Hyphosphere microbiome of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: A realm of unknowns. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 59, 17-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-022-01683-4
Fernández-Bidondo, L., R.P. Colombo, M. Recchi, V.A. Silvani, M. Pérgola, A. Martínez, A.M. Godeas. 2018. Detection of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with pecan (Carya illinoinensis) trees by molecular and morphological approaches. MycoKeys. 42: 73-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.42.26118
Field, K.J., M.I. Bidartondo, W.R. Rimington, G.A. Hoysted, D. Beerling, D.D. Cameron, J.G. Duckett, J.R. Leake, S. Pressel. 2019. Functional complementarity of ancient plant-fungal mutualisms: contrasting nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon exchanges between Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycotina fungal symbionts of liverworts. New Phytologist. 223: 908-921. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15819
Ge, S., L. He, L. Jin, X. Xia, L. Li, G.J. Ahammed, Z. Qi, J. Yu, Y. Zhou. 2022. Light-dependent activation of HY5 promotes mycorrhizal symbiosis in tomato by systemically regulating strigolactone biosynthesis. New Phytologist. 233(4): 1900-1914. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17883
Gobert, A. y C. Plassard. 2002. Differential NO3- dependent patterns of NO3- uptake in Pinus pinaster, Rhizopogon roseolus and their ectomycorrhizal association. New Phytologist. 154: 509-516. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00378.x
Godoy-Ávila, C. y Ma. V. Huitrón-Ramírez. 1998. Relaciones hídricas de hojas y frutos de nogal pecanero durante el crecimiento y desarrollo de la nuez. Agrociencia. 32(4): 331-338. https://www.agrociencia-colpos.org/index.php/agrociencia/article/view/1564
Guerrero-Galán, G. Houdinet, M. Calvo-Polanco, K.E. Bonaldi, K. García, S.D. Zimmermann. 2018. Chapter Ten - The role of plant transporters in mycorrhizal symbioses. Pp. 303-342. In: Maurel. Ch (Eds). Advances in botanical research, Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.abr.2018.09.012
Hassan, M.U., M. Aamer, U. Chattha, M. Haiying, T. Shahzad, B. Barbanti. 2020. The critical role of zinc in plants facing the drought stress. Agriculture. 10(9): 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10090396
Jiang, Y., W. Wang, Q. Xie, N. Liu, L. Liu, D. Wang, X. Zhang, C. Yang, X. Chen, D. Tang, E. Wang E. 2017. Plants transfer lipids to sustain colonization by mutualistic mycorrhizal and parasitic fungi. Science. 356(6343): 1172-1175. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam9970
Kasote, D., M.S. Katyare, S.M. Hegde, V.H. Bae. 2015. Significance of antioxidant potential of plants and its relevance to therapeutic applications. International Journal of Biological Sciences.11: 982. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.12096
Ma, W.-Y., Q.-S. Wu, Y.-J. Xu, K. Kuča, 2021. Exploring mycorrhizal fungi in walnut with a focus on physiological roles. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca. 49(2): 12363. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha49212363
Ma, W-Y., Q-Y. Qin, Y-N. Zou, K. Kuča, B. Giri, Q-S. Wu, A. Hashem, A-BF. Al-Arjani, K.F. Almutairi, E.F. Abd_Allah, Y-J. Xu. 2022. Arbuscular mycorrhiza induces low oxidative burst in drought-stressed walnut through activating antioxidant defense systems and heat shock transcription factor expression. Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 1089420. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1089420
Marco, S., M. Loredana, V. Riccardo, B. Raffaella, C. Walter, N. Luca. 2022. Microbe-assisted crop improvement: a sustainable weapon to restore holobiont functionality and resilience. Horticulture Research. 9(2022). uhac160. https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhac160/6648882
Mexal, J., E. Herrera. 2020. Servicios ambientales de árboles: énfasis en la industria del nogal pecanero. Tecnociencia Chihuahua. 8(1): 39–45. https://doi.org/10.54167/tch.v8i1.651
Muñoz-Márquez, E., C. Macías-López, A. Franco-Ramírez, E. Sánchez-Chávez, J. Jiménez-Castro, J. González-García. 2009. Identificación y colonización natural de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares en nogal. Terra Latinoamericana. 27(4): 355-361. https://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/tl/v27n4/v27n4a10.pdf
Nell, M., C. Wawrosch, S. Steinkellner, H. Vierheilig, B. Kopp, A. Lössl, C. Franz, J. Novak, K. Zitterl-Eglseer. 2010. La colonización de raíces por hongos micorrízicos arbusculares simbióticos aumenta las concentraciones de ácido sesquiterpénico en Valeriana officinalis L. Planta Medica. 76(04): 393-398. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1186180
Ren, W., L. Zhang, N. Maness, X. Wang, W. Tang, T. Xu. 2023. Changes in the diversity of pecan (Carya illinoinensis) rhizosphere microbial community with different nitrogen fertilization, a case study in Oklahoma pecan orchard. Scientia Horticulturae. 321: 112365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112365
Reyes-Vázquez, N.C. y R. Urrea-López. 2016. Retos y oportunidades para el aprovechamiento de la Nuez pecanera en México. Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, México, 124 pp. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rafael-Urrea-Lopez/publication/314101984_Retos_y_oportunidades_para_el_aprovechamiento_de_la_Nuez_pecanera_en_Mexico/links/58b59a0b45851591c5d182aa/Retos-y-oportunidades-para-el-aprovechamiento-de-la-Nuez-pecanera-en-Mexico.pdf
Ruiz-Lozano, J.M., R. Porcel, G. Bárzana, R. Azcón, R. Aroca. 2012. Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis to plant drought tolerance: state of the art. Pp. 335-362. In: Aroca, R. (Eds) Plant responses to drought stress. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32653-0_13
Samanta, I., K. Ghosh, R. Saikia, Savita, P. J. Maity, G. Chowdhary. 2025. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi – a natural tool to impart abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Plant Signaling and Behavior. 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2025.2525843
Sharma, S., V.R. Singh, U. Sharma, Sh. Sharma, J. Likhita, Sh. Thakur, N. Sharma, A. Kumar, R. Kumar. 2025. Appraisal of arbuscular mycorrhiza in fruit production and mitigation against stress: Current insights and prospects. Reviews in Agricultural Science. 13(4): 1-29. https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.13.4_1
Sifuentes-Ibarra, E., J.A. Samaniego-Gaxiola, A.A. Salgado, J.H. Núñez-Moreno, B. Valdez-Gascón, R.G. Gutiérrez-Soto, J. del R. Ruelas-Islas, J.M. Cervantes. 2015. Programación del riego en nogal pecanero (Carya illinoinensis), mediante un modelo integral basado en tiempo térmico. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas. 6(8): 1893-1902. https://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/remexca/v6n8/2007-0934-remexca-6-08-01893.pdf
Smith, S.E. y D.J. Read. 2008. Mycorrhizal symbiosis. Third Edition, Academic press, New York, 787 pp. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2008.0015br
Stein, L.A., G.A. McEachern, J.B. Storey. 1989. Summer and fall moisture stress and irrigation scheduling influence pecan growth and production. HortScience. 24: 607-611. https://journals.ashs.org/hort/hort/published/rest/pdf-watermark/v1/journals/hortsci/24/4/article-p607.pdf/watermark-pdf/
Stock, M.L., R.J. Heerema, J.J. Randall, A.L. Romero-Olivares, S.A. Belteton, C. Velasco-Cruz, N. Pietrasiak. 2025. Uncovering the morphological and phylogenetic diversity of mushrooms in pecan orchards in the Southwestern United States. Fungal Biology. 129: 1878-6146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101608
Wahab, A., M. Muhammad, A. Munir, G. Abdi, W. Zaman, A. Ayaz, C. Khizar, S.P.P Reddy. 2023. Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in regulating growth, increasing productivity, and their potential influence on ecosystems subjected to abiotic and biotic stresses. Plants. 12 (17): 3102. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173102
Zou, Y.N., Q.S. Wu, K. Kuča. 2021. Unravelling the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in mitigating the oxidative burst of plants under drought stress. Plant Biology. 1: 50-57. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.13161
Zou, Y‑N., Q‑Y, Qin, W‑Y. Ma, L‑J. Zhou, Q‑Sh. Wu,Y‑J. Xu, K. Kuča, A. Hashem, A‑B. F. Al‑Arjani, K. F. Almutairi, E. F. Abd‑Allah. 2023. Metabolomics reveals arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-mediated tolerance of walnut to soil drought. BMC Plant Biology. 23(1): 118. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-023-04111-3

