Migración terrestre de Sudamérica a Norteamérica
análisis de la posible dispersión de enfermedades infecciosas en México
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29105/bys8.16-200Keywords:
Migration, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, Malaria, Tellow feverAbstract
The spread of infectious diseases generated by the migration experience and human mobility, especially among people who travel exclusively by land, is considered low risk. However, given the conditions of vulnerability due to poverty, limited access to health services, and passage through endemic areas for certain infectious agents, some pathogens can be acquired at the place of origin or during the migrants' journey and can be carried to other populations. Here, these pathogens can find the means and vectors to be introduced into the population and lead to outbreaks, or for the diseases to become autochthonous. In this article, we provide some examples of infectious diseases that show signs of resurgence in geographic areas of Mexico where transmission may occur and become a public health problem.
Downloads
References
Arnal, A., E. Waleckx, O. Rico-Chávez, C. Herrera, E. Dumonteil. 2019. Estimating the current burden of Chagas disease in Mexico: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological surveys from 2006 to 2017. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 13(4): e0006859. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006859 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006859
Barnett, E. D., P. F. Walker. 2008. Role of immigrants and migrants in emerging infectious diseases. Medical Clinics of North America. 92(6), 1447-1458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2008.07.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2008.07.001
Brynildsrud, O. B., C. S. Pepperell, P. Suffys, L. Grandjean, J. Monteserin, N. Debech, V. Eldholm. 2018. Global expansion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 shaped by colonial migration and local adaptation. Science advances. 4(10): eaat5869. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat5869 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat5869
Cabieses, B., M. Libuy, J. Dabanch (Ed.). 2019. Dabanch. Hacia una comprensión integral de la relación entre migración internacional y enfermedades infecciosas. Colegio Médico de Chile, 125pp.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2025. Reported Tuberculosis in the United States, 2023. En https://www.cdc.gov/tb-surveillance-report-2023/commentary/index.html (consultado el 03/04/2025).
Cervera, C. 2020. El mito del «Genocidio español»: las enfermedades acabaron con el 95 % de la población. En: https://www.abc.es/historia/abci-verdad-sobre-genocidio-espanol-cuando-virus-mataron-95-por-ciento-poblacion-america-202003182340_noticia.html (consultado el 03/04/2025).
Clinton-White, A., R.L. Atmar. 2002. Infections in Hispanic Immigrants. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 34(12):1627-1632. https://doi.org/10.1086/340620 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/340620
Conners, E. E., T.L. Ordoñez, C. Cordon-Rosales, C.F. Casanueva, S.M. Miranda, K.C. Brouwer. 2017. Chagas Disease Infection among Migrants at the Mexico/Guatemala Border. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. 97(4):1134–1140. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0777 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0777
Gómez-Ponce, C.A., E. Pérez-Barragán, D.M. Méndez-Palacios, K.O. Ramírez-Romero, S. Pérez-Cavazos. 2023. Emerging infectious diseases and migration: a case of leishmaniasis in northern Mexico. The Lancet. Infectious diseases. 23(6): 648–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00197-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00197-4
González, C., E.A. Rebollar-Téllez, S. Ibáñez-Bernal, I. Becker-Fauser, E. Martínez-Meyer, A.T. Peterson, V. Sánchez-Cordero. 2011. Current knowledge of Leishmania vectors in Mexico: how geographic distributions of species relate to transmission areas. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 85(5):839-846. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0452 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0452
Guevara, D. (2023). Salta el Tapón del Darién y la migración a EE. UU. pasa a ser continental. Universidad de Navarra. En: https://www.unav.edu/web/global-affairs/salta-el-tapon-del-darien-y-la-migracion-a-eeuu-pasa-a-ser-continental (consultado 17/01/2025).
Gutierrez, M.C., S. Brisse, R. Brosch, M. Fabre, B. Omais B, M. Marmiesse, P. Supply, V. Vincent. 2005. Ancient origin and gene mosaicism of the progenitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLOS Pathogens. 1(1): e5. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0010005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0010005
Lemieux, A., F. Lagacé, K. Billick, M. Ndao, C.P. Yansouni, M. Semret, M.D. Libman, S. Barkati. 2022. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in travellers and migrants: a 10-year case series in a Canadian reference center for tropical diseases. CMAJ Open. 10(2):E546-E553. https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20210238 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20210238
Lopez-Velez, R., H. Huerga, M.C. Turrientes. 2003. Infectious diseases in immigrants from the perspective of a tropical medicine referral unit. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. 69(1):115-121. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2003.69.115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2003.69.115
Medina-Macías, O., P. Stoesslé, L.E. Perales-Rendón, J.E. Moreno-Cuevas, F. González-Salazar. 2020. Latent tuberculosis in migrants travelling through the northeast regions of Mexico. Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases. 21:100194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jctube.2020.100194 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jctube.2020.100194
Mellars, P. 2006. Going east: new genetic and archaeological perspectives on the modern human colonization of Eurasia. Science. 313:796–800. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128402 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128402
Molina-Torres, C. A., F.D. Quinn, J. Castro-Garza, A. Gómez-Velasco, J. Ocampo-Candiani, A. Bencomo-Alerm, H.J. Sánchez-Pérez, S. Muñoz-Jiménez, A. Rendón, A. Ansari, M. Sharma, P. Singh, L. Vera-Cabrera. 2022. Genetic Diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates From an Amerindian Population in Chiapas, México. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology. 12:875909. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.875909 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.875909
Ojeda, S. 2024. Suman más de 38 casos de paludismo en Veracruz. En: https://nvnoticias.mx/index.php/2024/10/24/suman-mas-de-38-casos-de-paludismo-en-veracruz/ (consultado el 03/04/2025)
Organización Panaericana de la salud (OPS). 2023. Aumento de la migración en las Américas en 2023: retos para garantizar la salud de las personas migrantes y respuesta de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. En: https://www.paho.org/es/noticias/18-12-2023-aumento-migracion-americas-2023-retos-para-garantizar-salud-personas-migrantes (consultado 17/01/2025)
Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), Actualización Epidemiológica Fiebre amarilla en la Región de las Américas, 21 de marzo del 2024. En: https://www.paho.org/es/documentos/actualizacion-epidemiologica-fiebre-amarilla-region-americas-21-marzo-2024 (consultado el 03/04/2025)
Organización Panamericana de la Salud/ Organización Mundial de la Salud (OPS/OMS). 2024. Salud y Migración en la Región de las Américas. En: https://www.paho.org/sites/default/files/2025-01/sitrep-migracion-salud-oct-2024.pdf (consultado el 03/04/2025)
Perales-González, A., D.M. Pérez-Garza, V.F. Garza-Dávila, J. Ocampo-Candiani. 2023. Cutaneous leishmaniasis by a needlestick injury, an occupational infection?. PLOS neglected tropical diseases. 17(3): e0011150. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011150 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011150
Ramsey, J.M., A.T. Peterson, O. Carmona-Castro, D.A. Moo-Llanes, Y. Nakazawa, M. Butrick, E. Tun-Ku, K. de la Cruz-Félix, C.N, Ibarra-Cerdeña. 2015. Atlas of Mexican Triatominae (Reduviidae: Hemiptera) and vector transmission of Chagas disease. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 110(3):339-52. https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760140404 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760140404
Salgado de Snyder, V. N., T.T. González-Vázquez, I. Bojórquez-Chapela, C. Infante-Xibille. 2007. Migración México-Estados Unidos: consecuencias para la salud. Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica. México, 57pp.
Secretaría de Salud. 2024. Día Nacional del paludismo,. Dirección de enfermedades transmitidas por vector. En: https://www.gob.mx/salud/cenaprece/articulos/dia-mundial-del-paludismo-362967?idiom=es (consultado el 03/04/2025).
Torres-Muñoz, A. 1995. La fiebre amarilla en México. Erradicación del aédes aegypti. Salud Publica de México. 37. Recuperado a partir de https://saludpublica.mx/index.php/spm/article/view/4570
Tsang, C.A., A.J. Langer, T.R. Navin, L.R. Armstrong. 2017. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). 66:295–298. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6611a3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6611a3
Valente-Acosta, B., J. García-Acosta. 2017 . Fiebre amarilla: revisión concisa ante el actual escenario epidemiológico. Medicina interna de México. 33(5): 648-654. https://doi.org/10.24245/mim.v33i5.1560 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24245/mim.v33i5.1560
Wirth, T., F. Hildebrand, C. Allix-Béguec, F. Wölbeling, T. Kubica, K. Kremer, D. van Soolingen, S. Rüsch-Gerdes, C. Locht, S. Brisse, A. Meyer, P. Supply, S. Niemann. 2008. Origin, Spread and Demography of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex. PLOS Pathogens. 4(9): e1000160. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000160 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000160
World Health Organization (WHO). 2023. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). En: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19) (consultado el 03/04/2025).
World malaria report 2023. World Health Organization. 2023. En: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/malaria/world-malaria-reports/world-malaria-report-2023-spreadview.pdf?sfvrsn=bb24c9f0_4#page=113 (consultado el 03/04/2025)
